Content Analysis: Portrayals of Partner Aggression In the Novel "It Ends With Us"

Gender-based aggression or violence in society can happen to anyone, at any time, and by anyone who commits it. There are several factors that cause physical aggression. One of the novels by Colleen Hoover, namely It Ends With Us, has elements of physical aggression in it. Therefore, this research aims to determine the gender of the perpetrator of aggression, the depiction of the type of aggression in the novel, and the relationship between the type of aggression and how the target responds to the aggression. The population in this study were all chapters or acts in the novel. Researchers used census sampling techniques and produced all 36 chapters as research samples. This research involved two coders for the research process through coding sheets and coding books. Data analysis carried out was an inter-coder reliability test, descriptive analysis, chi-square test, and binary logistic regression test using the SPSS version 25 application. The results of the study showed that there were several categories that dominate and describe aggression, as well as the relationship between aggression and the target response in the novel "It Ends With Us".


INTRODUCTION
Gender-based violence has always existed, but has only recently been discussed in international forums, especially during the last decade of the 20th century.(Tavara, 2006) Incidents of sexual violence and abusive behavior from partners among women are topics of concern to society.This indicates that sexual violence conflicts are widely considered a threat to international security and can be seen from the increasing research exploring the causes and variations of these cases.(Nagel, 2019) Sexual violence and abusive behavior or aggression have the potential to occur anywhere, at any time, by anyone, and whoever the victim is.This verbal violence was carried out by perpetrators from various backgrounds.

H2:
The depiction of perpetrators of verbal aggression is more male than female in the novel "It Ends With Us."

Physical Aggression
Physical aggression or physical violence is an action carried out with intention or deliberately that causes physical pain or injury.(Burke, Stets, & Pirog-Good, 1988) Gerbner, et al (1978) define violence as an expression of physical force, with or without weapons, against oneself or others, as well as the act of forcing one's will through pain of being hurt or killed, or actually hurting or killing.(Bridges, Wosnitzer, Scharrer, Sun, & Liberman, 2010) Some examples of physical aggression, namely hitting, pushing, choking, threatening with weapons, injuring with weapons, etc. Perpetrators of such violence may be partners, parents, other family members, neighbors, and men in positions of power or influence.In various cases, women do not only experience violence once, but experience repeated incidents for years or even decades.(Tavara, 2006) Coleman and Straus (1986) stated that high levels of conflict and violence have been found in marriages where one partner dominates the other.Based on this research, it was found that there is a relationship between emotional abuse and the frequency and severity of physical attacks.(Follingstad, Rutledge, Berg, Hause, & Polek, 1990) In understanding aggression or physical violence, various researchers focus their research or attention on identifying the characteristics of male attackers or aggressors.(Burke, Stets, & Pirog-Good, 1988) Basically, it has been found that abusive men have extreme and compulsive levels of masculinity, and resort to abuse or violence to demonstrate their masculinity.(Burke, Stets, & Pirog-Good, 1988) Researchers have stated that verbal attacks may occur at other times and for other reasons when physical force is involved.(Follingstad, Rutledge, Berg, Hause, & Polek, 1990) The perpetrators of physical aggression or violence, which is generally carried out by men, cause injuries to the body and traumatize the victims, namely women.Then, women will also experience emotional trauma because they experience events that are not suitable for humans.Knowledge about physical aggression should be known by many people because there are several studies that state that minimum estimates show that there is one in six households every year that commits physical aggression between partners.(Fagan & Browne, 1994)

Verbal Aggression
Aggressive

Physical and Verbal Aggression in Partners
Women are the gender that often experiences aggression, both physical and verbal, perpetrated by their partners.Black, et al ( 2011) stated that 1 in 10 women stated that they had experienced sexual violence by their partner.(Bagwell-Gray, Messing, & Baldwin-White, 2015) This research proves that aggression can be carried out by those closest to us.
There are various forms and factors of sexual violence and physical aggression by men against women.Abusive partners often rely on coercive use of force (e.g., threats of serious physical harm) to establish power or a sense of dominance over the abused or victimized woman.(Follingstad, Rutledge, Berg, Hause, & Polek, 1990) The feeling of establishing dominance over women through physical and verbal aggression shows that the man aims to fulfill his own desires or emotions without thinking about the impact that will be felt by the victim.Where one of the impacts that the victim has the potential to feel is the social impact.
Researchers view a variety of actions by abusers or abusive partners, systematically isolating women from social support systems and denying them access to finances as having a detrimental effect on their dependency.(Follingstad, Rutledge, Berg, Hause, & Polek, 1990) One factor in violent incidents is jealousy which cannot be controlled by the perpetrator's emotions.Walker (1979) and Martin (1976) stated that jealousy or possessiveness is a form of emotional abuse.According to Walker, in reality she felt that the abusive man was jealous of everyone in the woman's life, including family, friends, and even pets.(Follingstad, Rutledge, Berg, Hause, & Polek, 1990) The man's jealousy made him chatter and interrogate his wife about the people she was in contact with, even accusing her of infidelity.This jealousy can also cause the man to place limits on the woman, such as freedom to dress, freedom to travel or do activities, and even contact with other people.Apart from that, the target's response is one of the things that must be paid attention to because it is a sign whether the target accepts the aggression or not.

RESEARCH METHODS
This research was conducted using a quantitative approach content analysis method.
Content analysis is a summary or quantitative analysis of messages that relies on various scientific methods and tests and is not limited to the types of variables that can be measured or the context in which the message is created or presented.(Neuendorf & Skalski, 2009) Quantitative content analysis is carried out to find out the description of the characteristics of the content and draw conclusions from the content which is the object of research.(Ahmad, 2018) In addition, content analysis is carried out to systematically identify visible communications, and must be carried out in a factual, realistic, reliable and replicable manner.(Ahmad, 2018) According to Sugiyono (2018) population is a group or group which is the subject and object of research which has characteristics and qualities that have been determined by the researcher and is the focus of attention, as well as being the source of research data.(Hernaeny, 2021) The sample is part of the population and the characteristics contained in the population and represents the characteristics of the population in general.(Creswell, 2002) Population is a general description of the research object.Therefore, a more detailed explanation is needed to illustrate this general concept through the sample selected by the researcher.
Based on this explanation, in this study the researcher chose to use all chapters or acts in the novel "It Ends With Us" by Colleen Hoover as the research population.Based on the scene characteristics determined by the researcher, this research will use all chapters or acts as the research population.
In this research, researchers used one sampling technique, namely non-probability sampling.Non-probability sampling technique is a technique that does not provide an equal chance for each element or member of the population to be selected as a sample.(Sugiyono, 2015) According to Eriyanto (2015), the census sampling technique is where researchers examine the contents of all members of the population.The census technique means that each unit in a population is included in content analysis and is often used to research a particular event or series of events.(Riffe, Lacy, Watson, & Fico, 2019) Based on the explanation of the census technique, the researcher will use all chapters or acts in the novel "It Ends With Us" as research samples to be analyzed.This is done because all chapters or chapters in the novel have the potential to contain scenes of sexual violence and physical aggression between women.
In conducting this research, researchers measured each variable using units of analysis, namely categories and sub-categories from previous research.(Bridges, Wosnitzer, Scharrer, Sun, & Liberman, 2010) Based on this research and the objectives of this research, there are four categories used, namely, the gender of the perpetrator of the aggression, the type of physical aggression, the type of verbal aggression, and the target's response to the aggression.
Each sub-category is assessed using a nominal scale, namely zero (0) for "None" and one (1) for "Present".
In the gender category, the perpetrator of aggression is measured using two subcategories, namely male and/or female.Then, in the category of types of physical aggression, it is measured using ten sub-categories, namely pushing, biting, grabbing, slapping with an open hand, choking, kicking, punching with a fist, slavery or confinement, using weapons, and torturing, mutilating, or attempting to kill.The category of verbal aggression is measured using two sub-categories, namely calling names or insults, and threatening physical harm.Then, the target's response category to aggression is measured using four sub-categories, namely the target expresses pleasure or responds neutrally, the target expresses displeasure and the perpetrator ignores it, the target expresses displeasure and the perpetrator admits it with positive actions, and the target expresses displeasure and the perpetrator admits it with negative actions.
The research was conducted using two coders from March 2022 to May 2022.
Researchers collected data by using and providing online coding sheets and coding books to the coders.In a reliability test, a variable can be said to be reliable when the value Krippendorff's Alpha is above or more than 0.7.The variables of the gender of the perpetrator of the aggression, the type of verbal aggression, and the target's response to the aggression were declared reliable because the Krippendorff's Alpha value in each category was above 0.7.Then, for the variable type of physical aggression, there are 10 variables that are reliable because they have a value above 0.7.However, there are three categories in the physical aggression type variable that are "undefined" because this variable was not found in the sample.Therefore, these three categories were removed from the research category.Apart from that, in table 1 it can also be seen that the percent agreement value is in the interval 96.9% -100%.
The data analysis method used in this research is descriptive statistics.The data analysis carried out in this research is descriptive analysis, chi-square test, and binary logistic regression test.Descriptive analysis is a type of research data analysis to test the generalization of research results based on one sample.(Nasution, 2017) TestChi-squarecarried out to test the strength of the relationship between one variable and other nominal variables.(Wijayanto, 2009) Then, a binary logistic regression test was carried out to determine the simultaneous relationship between types of physical and verbal aggression and the target's response to aggression.
Reliability tests, chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression tests were carried out on the SPSS version 25 application.

FINDINGS
Based on data processing and analysis of the data that has been obtained, the following data was found: Based on the table above, the R2 result of physical aggression against target response 1 was .667.This means that there is a 66.7% chance of target response 1 occurring when someone receives physical aggression.Then, there is an 89.7% probability of target response 2 occurring, a 100% probability of target response 3 occurring, and a 94.5% probability of target response 4 occurring.Therefore, when someone experiences physical aggression, target response 3 has the highest probability of occurring in the victim.

RQ4: How is the type of verbal aggression related to the target's response in the novel "It
Ends With Us"?

How is physical aggression depicted in the novel "It Ends With Us"?
In answering the research question, based on the results of the descriptive analysis in table 2, it was found that the depiction of physical aggression in the novel is shown by 10 types of physical aggression, which are dominated by several categories, namely, pushing (f: 8,

is verbal aggression depicted in the novel "It Ends With Us"?
Verbal aggression in the novel is described as two types of aggression, namely calling names or insulting the victim and threatening physical harm.However, it was dominated by the category of calling names or insulting victims (f: 9, 81.82%). RQ3:

How is the type of physical aggression related to the target's response in the novel "It Ends With Us"?
In answering this research question, a binary logistic regression test was carried out on physical aggression against the four target responses.After carrying out this test, the following results were obtained: