EFFECTIVENESS TEST OF PAPAYA LEAVES EXTRACT (Carica papaya L.) AS ANTIHELMINTICS OF Ascaridia galli WORM

Introduction: Soil-transmitted helminth is a group of nematoda worm parasite that causes infection in human because the egg is swallowed or direct contact with the larva. More than two billion people in the world had infection for at least one spesies of the nematoda worm, especially A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and A. duodenale. Ascaridia galli is a worm parasite that classifeid in nematoda fillum. Ascaridia worm has the same genus with Ascaris Lumbricoides that infect human. Antihelmintic is a drug that can eradicate the worm in human and animal body. There is a side effect in the antihelmintic drug like Mebendazole so another alternative like organical antihelmintic from papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.) is needed. This research is a true experiment with post test control group design. The subjects were 160 Ascaridia galli worm which were divided into 5 worms in each test group (5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, dan 80%), positive control group (Pirantel pamoat 0,5%) and negative control repeated as many as 4 replications. The treatment was given for 12 hours and observed the number of dead worm at each hour. Data were analyzed by statistical test of Kruskal Wallis Test and followed by post-hoc Mann-Whitney Test. It is also tested the probit analysis to determine lethal time (LT50 and LT90) and lethal concentration (LC50 and LC90).There was a significant difference (p <0.05) between all test concentrations except between 5% to negative control. It could be evidenced that the papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.) has an antihelmintic effect on Ascaridia gall. The results of probit analysis for LC50 and LC90 were 6,182% and 14,422% respectively. It is known that LT50 at concentrations of 25%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% respectively were 11,84 hours, 10,536 hours, 9,328 hours, 6,794 hours, 5,472 hours and 2,892 hours. While the LT90 at concentrations of 25%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% respectively were 13,608 hours, 12,303 hours, 11,095 hours, 8,562 hours, 7,24 hours, dan 4,66 hours.The ethanol extract of Papaya leaves Carica papaya was shown to have an antihelmentic effect on Ascaridia galli effectifically at concentrations of 10%, 20%, 40%, 60% dan 80%. The values of LC50 and LT50 at highest concentration (80%) at the end of the observations are 6,182% and 2,892 hours respectively. The values of LC50 and LT90 at the highest concentration (80%) were 14,442% dan 4,66 hours respectively. The higher concentration of ethanol extract of papaya leaves Carica papaya the greater the effectiveness in killing Ascaridia galli.


INTRODUCTION
Worm infection is one of the most common diseases that found and affects more than 2 billion people in the world, especially those that caused by A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and A. duodenale. Based on a survey conducted in several places in Indonesia, the prevalence of roundworm infection, A. lumbricoides, is around 60-90% and it is the highest prevalence compared to other worm infections. 1 Worm infection almost found in high humidity area especially with bad hygiene. The most prevalent infection are in elementary age 10 This is kind of chronic and endemic disease cause by parasite worm and will effect nutrition state and health community. 1 A.galli is a parasitic worm classified in fillum nematodes. A.galli and A. lumbricoides are in one family and equally react to piperazin and the host is infected by ingesting infective egg worm. 2 Antihelmintics are drugs that can destroy worms in the body of humans and animals. Mebendazol is the broadest spectrum of worm medicine. This drug does not dissolve in water so it is stable in an open state. Mebendazol has side effects for the body. Side effects that arise can be diarrhea and mild abdominal pain. 1 Therefore, the papaya plant was chosen. Papaya (Carica papaya L.) has two main bioactive components, namely papain and chymopapain. Saponins and papain are chemical compounds found in papaya leaf (Carica papaya L.) which have an important role in treating intestinal worms. The work mechanism of sapoin can reduce the surface tension so it can damage cell membranes and cell proteins. While the work mechanism of the papain enzyme is t o relax worms by damaging the body protein of worms in the digestive tract so that the supply of nutrients to the worms will be hampered. 4 In order to overcome this problem, the use of drugs from natural ingredients was developed. The benefits of natural antihelmintics are made from natural ingredients, have fewer side effects, inexpensive and easily obtained. 3

RESEARCH METHOD
This research used true experiment with post-test control only group design. There was an experimental group (intervention of Carica papaya L. leaf extract) and control group (positive control with the intervention of 0.5% pirantel pamoat and negative control without intervention of 0.5% pirantel pamoat).
A. galli was chosen as the population of this study, while the sample was 5 Ascaridia galli worm which is obtained at the slaughterhouse of Terban market in Yogyakarta city. Inclusion criteria were worms that are still alive and moving, body size is the same, male or female; exclusion criteria was worms that are dead or unable to move.
Antihelmintic tests were done in 6 test groups and 2 control groups with 4 repetitions according to the calculation of the sample size estimation. The I-VI test group was immersed in a suspension of papaya leaf ethanol extract (5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80%, respectively). Each group consisted of 5 Ascaridia galli worms. The data were analyzed using statistical test, the Kurskal Wallis test followed by post-hoc test 6 Mann-Whitney test. The probit analysis test was also conducted to determine lethal time (LT50 and LT90) and lethal concentration (LC50 and LC90).

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Total mortality of Ascaridia galli worms in every hour can be seen in table 1.    suum worms with a percentage of mortality at the smallest concentration 25% in 24 hours of observation. 6 The probit analysis test to assess LC is listed in the table and it is known that LC50 and LC90 are 6.182% and 14.422% respectively.
These results indicate that a concentration of 6.182% is needed to kill 50% of the worm population and 14.422% to kill 90% of the worm population. Another study conducted 7 shows LC90 is 18,354%. With a lower limit of 15,386% and an upper limit of 25,825%. This difference may occur due to the use of papaya leaf infusion (Carica Papaya L.). Infusa has a different Lethal Concentration because according to some studies ethanol can produce more extracts, namely phytoconstituents (alkaloids, saponins, carbohydrates, tannis and flavonoids) compared to other solvents such as petroleum ether, chloroform and water.
Several other studies also support this result. In the research 8 about larvacide effect of papaya fruit extract (Carica Papaya L.) toward third insted larvae of Aedes Aegypti L. show that it had LC50 and LC90 respectively 15.4% and 36.7% which were different from research on the effect of infusion of papaya fruit seeds (Carica papaya L.) on the death of Aedes Aegypti larvae which have LC50 and LC90 respectively 1.689% and 2.876%. 2 The probit analysis test to assess the LT is listed in table 4. This result means that at a 5% concentration it takes 13.608 hours for 90% of the worm population to die, as well as for other concentrations. In the other study 7 showed LT50 and LT90 in the infusion of papaya leaf were 20,975 hours and 26,476 hours respectively. Whereas in study 9 about the test of antihelmintic effectiveness of papaya leaf on roundworms, LT100 is listed as 28.885 hours. This difference can occur because the study used papaya leaf infusion and another study 9 was carried out using Ascaris suum worms while this study used extracts of papaya leaf (Carica papaya L.).

CONCLUSION
Carica papaya L. leaf extract proven to have antihelmintic effect on Ascaridia galli worms, especially at concentrations of 10%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80%. The higher concentration of leaf extract means the greater of effectiveness in killing A. galli.