Application of Gauss's Law in High Energy Capacitor Design for Electric Vehicles: A Systematic Literature Review

Melly Junita; Hamdi Akhsan; Fitri Nisa

doi:10.20527/flux.v23i2.24564

Application of Gauss's Law in High Energy Capacitor Design for Electric Vehicles: A Systematic Literature Review

Melly Junita, Hamdi Akhsan, Fitri Nisa

Abstract

This article uses a PRISMA flowchart-based Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach to analyze the role of Gauss's Law in the design of high-energy dielectric capacitors for electric vehicles. Through a synthesis of 17 recent studies (2019–2025), this article identifies three main themes: (1) the application of Gauss's Law in electric field distribution analysis, (2) optimization of dielectric geometry and materials, and (3) the potential application of high-energy capacitors in electric vehicle power systems, especially as high-power components in inverters and regenerative braking. The results show that understanding the field distribution based on Gauss's Law is key to improving the energy density (>18 J/cm³) and operational reliability of capacitors. This study confirms that Gauss's Law is not only a theoretical principle, but a practical engineering foundation for sustainable energy storage technologies.

Keywords

Gauss's law; high energy dielectric capacitor; electric field distribution; geometry optimization; dielectric materials; electric vehicles.

Full Text:

PDF

References

Bian, H., Zhong, H., Liu, X., Xia, J., Cao, F., Chen, X., & Wang, G. (2025). Comparative study of methods for measuring energy density for dielectric capacitors. Materials Letters, 383, 137989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2025.137989

Burke, A. (2021). Prospects for the development of high energy density dielectric capacitors. In Applied Sciences (Switzerland) (Vol. 11, Issue 17). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11178063

Cheng, R., Wang, Y., Men, R., Lei, Z., Song, J., Li, Y., & Guo, M. (2022). High-energy-density polymer dielectrics via compositional and structural tailoring for electrical energy storage. iScience, 25(8), 104837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.104837

Cittanti, D., Stella, F., Vico, E., Liu, C., Shen, J., Xiu, G., & Bojoi, R. (2022). Analysis and design of a high power density full-ceramic 900 V DC-link capacitor for a 550 kVA electric vehicle drive inverter. In 2022 International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC-Himeji 2022-ECCE Asia) (pp. 1144–1151). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.23919/IPEC-Himeji2022-ECCE55029.2022.9807220

Ding, S., Jia, J., Dai, Z., Wang, Y., Shen, S., Yin, Y., & Li, X. (2024). Superior dielectric energy storage performance for high-temperature film capacitors through molecular structure design. Chemical Engineering Journal, 493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.152623

Du, W., Zeng, H., Yang, W., Zhao, K., Zhang, F., Li, G., Li, Y., & Liu, Z. (2022). Unusual local electric field concentration in multilayer ceramic capacitors. Journal of Materiomics, 9(2), 403–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmat.2022.09.010

ElGhanam, E., Sharf, H., Hassan, M. S., & Osman, A. (2023). Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Battery–Supercapacitor-Based Energy Storage Systems for Urban-Driven Electric Vehicles. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118747

Fan, Z., Li, L., Mei, X., Zhao, F., Li, H., Zhuo, X., Zhang, X., Lu, Y., Zhang, L., & Liu, M. (2021). Multilayer ceramic film capacitors for high-performance energy storage: Progress and outlook. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 9(16), 9462–9478. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA12332C

Febrianti, S. (2024). Sustainability Finance Dan Green Investment: Literature Review Dengan Metode Prisma. Manajemen: Jurnal Ekonomi, 6(1), 95–106. https://doi.org/10.36985/pmyj1709

Ghosh, S. K., & Lin, L. (2025). Polymer composites embedded with low-dimensional materials for dielectric capacitors. Chemical Engineering Journal, 520, 165855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.165855

Gopi, C. V. M., & Ramesh, R. (2024). Review of battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage systems for electric vehicles. In Results in Engineering (Vol. 24). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2024.103598

Griffiths, D. J. (2013). Introduction to Electrodynamics (Fourth Edition).

Hasan, M., & Hudaya, C. (2023). Analisis Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) dengan Pengujian Kombinasi Baterai Lithium-Ion dan Superkapasitor pada Kendaraan Listrik. JTEV (Jurnal Teknik Elektro Dan Vokasional), 9(1), 95. https://doi.org/10.24036/jtev.v9i1.122396

Jeanmairet, G., Rotenberg, B., & Salanne, M. (2022). Microscopic Simulations of Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors. In Chemical Reviews (Vol. 122, Issue 12, pp. 10860–10898). American Chemical Society. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00925

Jiang, J., Meng, X., Li, L., Guo, S., Huang, M., Zhang, J., Wang, J., Hao, X., Zhu, H., & Zhang, S. T. (2021). Ultrahigh energy storage density in lead-free relaxor antiferroelectric ceramics via domain engineering. Energy Storage Materials, 43, 383–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2021.09.018

Lakshmi, K. C. S., & Vedhanarayanan, B. (2023). High-Performance Supercapacitors: A Comprehensive Review on Paradigm Shift of Conventional Energy Storage Devices. In Batteries (Vol. 9, Issue 4). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9040202

Meyland S.F. Wambrauw, Mariana E. Buiney, N. N. G. (2023). Diplomasi Indonesia dan Korea Selatan Dalam. Jurnal Dinamika Global, 8(2), 233–250.

Ren, X., Meng, N., Ventura, L., Goutianos, S., Barbieri, E., Zhang, H., Yan, H., Reece, M. J., & Bilotti, E. (2022). Ultra-high energy density integrated polymer dielectric capacitors. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 10(18), 10171–10180. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ta09045c

Tiandho, Y., Maryana, O. F. T., Afriani, F., Saefullah, A., & Pardede, I. (2020). Modifikasi distribusi muatan berdasarkan distribusi Fermi-Dirac dan aplikasinya pada hukum Gauss. JST (Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi), 9(2), 121–129. https://doi.org/10.23887/jstundiksha.v9i2.22851

Urooj, A., & Nasir, A. (2024). Review of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Hybrid Electric Vehicles. In World Electric Vehicle Journal (Vol. 15, Issue 8). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15080342

Vasquez, R., Waelder, J., Liu, Y., Bartels, H., & Maldonado, S. (2022). A Gauss’s law analysis of redox active adsorbates on semiconductor electrodes: The charging and faradaic currents are not independent. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(25). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2202395119

Wang, G., Lu, Z., Li, Y., Li, L., Ji, H., Feteira, A., Zhou, D., Wang, D., Zhang, S., & Reaney, I. M. (2021). Electroceramics for High-Energy Density Capacitors: Current Status and Future Perspectives. In Chemical Reviews (Vol. 121, Issue 10, pp. 6124–6172). American Chemical Society. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c064

Wang, Y., Yao, M., Ma, R., Yuan, Q., Yang, D., Cui, B., Ma, C., Liu, M., & Hu, D. (2020). Design strategy of barium titanate/polyvinylidene fluoride-based nanocomposite films for high energy storage. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 8(3), 884–917. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TA11527G

Zhou, S. (2022). On capacitance and energy storage of supercapacitor with dielectric constant discontinuity. Nanomaterials, 12(15), 2534. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12152534

Zubairi, H., Lu, Z., Zhu, Y., Reaney, I. M., & Wang, G. (2024). Current development, optimisation strategies and future perspectives for lead-free dielectric ceramics in high field and high energy density capacitors. In Chemical Society Reviews (Vol. 53, Issue 21, pp. 10761–10790). Royal Society of Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4cs00536h.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/flux.v23i2.24564