Problem Based Learning Berbasis Outcome-Based Education dalam Mengembangkan Higher Order Thinking Skills Mahasiswa Kedokteran: Narrative Review
Abstract
Pengembangan Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS), seperti analisis, sintesis, evaluasi, dan penalaran klinis, merupakan kompetensi penting dalam pendidikan kedokteran. Perubahan paradigma pendidikan menuntut pendekatan pembelajaran yang berpusat pada mahasiswa dan berorientasi pada capaian pembelajaran. Dalam konteks ini, Problem-Based Learning (PBL) dan Outcome-Based Education (OBE) dipandang sebagai pendekatan yang saling mendukung. Tinjauan naratif ini bertujuan mengeksplorasi dan mensintesis bukti ilmiah mengenai penerapan PBL dalam kerangka OBE terhadap pengembangan HOTS mahasiswa kedokteran. Literatur ditelusuri secara sistematis melalui PubMed, Scopus, dan Google Scholar untuk artikel yang dipublikasikan pada 2015–2025. Artikel yang melibatkan mahasiswa kedokteran, menerapkan PBL terkait prinsip OBE, dan melaporkan luaran HOTS dianalisis secara naratif-tematik. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa PBL berbasis OBE berpotensi meningkatkan HOTS, terutama berpikir kritis, pemecahan masalah, dan penalaran klinis. Pendekatan ini juga berkaitan dengan peningkatan self-directed learning dan metakognisi mahasiswa. Namun, temuan masih dipengaruhi oleh variasi desain penelitian dan instrumen penilaian. Disimpulkan bahwa PBL dalam kerangka OBE berpotensi mendukung pengembangan HOTS mahasiswa kedokteran, meskipun masih diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut dengan metodologi yang lebih kuat dan instrumen yang terstandar.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.20527/j-instech.v7i1.18504
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