Analysis of Stunting Risk Factors: Contribution of Immunization, Exclusive Breastfeeding, and Duration of Breastfeeding in a Cross-Sectional Study

I Gede Angga Adnyana; Nayna Aulia Lubis; Denta Haritsa Apriliana; I Nyoman Bagus Aji Kresnapati; I Putu Bayu Agus Saputra

doi:10.20527/jbk.v11i2.25533

Analysis of Stunting Risk Factors: Contribution of Immunization, Exclusive Breastfeeding, and Duration of Breastfeeding in a Cross-Sectional Study

I Gede Angga Adnyana, Nayna Aulia Lubis, Denta Haritsa Apriliana, I Nyoman Bagus Aji Kresnapati, I Putu Bayu Agus Saputra

Abstract

Stunting remains a major public health challenge in Indonesia, particularly in West Nusa Tenggara and North Lombok Regency. It is influenced by a combination of biological and environmental factors, with immunization history, exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), and breastfeeding duration being key modifiable determinants. This cross-sectional observational study examined the association between these factors and stunting among children aged 0–59 months. A total of 83 children were included in the analysis, with bivariate analysis conducted using the Chi-square test at a 95% confidence level (α = 0.05). Results showed that most children were male (59%), did not experience stunting (54.2%), received full immunization (67.5%), practiced EBF (83.15%), and were breastfed for less than 2 years (59.4%). No statistically significant association was found between immunization history (p=0.592) or EBF practices (p=0.219) and stunting. However, a significant relationship was identified between shorter breastfeeding duration (less than 2 years) and higher stunting risk (p=0.009, PR=2.62, 95% CI: 1.225–5.593). In conclusion, there was no significant relationship between the history of immunization and the history of exclusive breastfeeding with the incidence of stunting. However, there was a significant relationship between the duration of breastfeeding and the incidence of stunting

Keywords

Stunting; Immunization; Breastfeeding; Toddler health; Nutrition

Full Text:

PDF

References

SKI. Survei Kesehatan Indonesia Dalam Angka 2023. 2023.

ADB. Prevalence of Stunting Among Children Under 5 Years of Age. Key Indicators Database Asian Development Bank (ADB). 2025.

Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Survei Status Gizi Indonesia [Internet]. 2024. Available from: https://www.badankebijakan.kemkes.go.id/survei-status-gizi-indonesia-ssgi-2024/

Lubis NA, Surasmaji LI, Adnyana IGA, Santosa H. Hubungan Anemia Kehamilan, Status Ekonomi dan Pola Pemberian Makan dengan Kejadian Stunting pada Anak di Puskesmas Pemenang, Kabupaten Lombok Utara. Malahayati Nurs J. 2025;7(3):1348–60.

Anjani DM, Nurhayati S, Immawati. Penerapan Pendidikan Kesehatan Terhadap Pengetahuan Ibu Tentang Stunting Pada Balita Di Wilayah Kerja Uptd Puskesmas Rawat Inap Banjarsari Metro Utara. J Cendikia Muda. 2024;4(1):62–9.

BPS. Profil Statistik Kesehatan 2025. Vol. 8. Direktorat Statistik Kesejahteraan Rakyat; 2025. 516 p.

Junianti NW, Senjaya AA, Erawati NLPS. Hubungan Imunisasi Dasar Dengan Kejadian Stunting Pada Balita Usia 24-59 Bulan. J Ber Kesehat. 2025;18(1):278–87.

Rambu SH, Ilyas AS. Hubungan ASI eksklusif dengan kejadian stunting pada balita 6-24 bulan pada tiga kecamatan kasus tertinggi stunting di Kabupaten Jeneponto , Sulawesi Selatan. EcoVision J Environ Solut. 2024;1(2):77–89.

Sari CK, Sari Y. Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian stunting pada balita. Holistik [Internet]. 2023;17(8):697–707. Available from: https://ejurnalmalahayati.ac.id/index.php/holistik/article/download/12491/pdf

Sutriyawan A, Kurniawati RD, Rahayu S, Habibi J. Hubungan status imunisasi dan riwayat penyakit infeksi dengan kejadian stunting pada balita: studi retrospektif. 2020;8(2):1–9.

Adnyana IGA. Imunisasi. In: Mikrobiologi Kesehatan. CV Media Sains Indonesia; 2024. p. 143–60.

Farquharson C, Ahmed SF. Inflammation and linear bone growth: the inhibitory role of SOCS2 on GH/IGF-1 signaling. Pediatr Nephrol [Internet]. 2013;28(4):547–56. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00467-012-2271-0

Ruan X, Jin X, Sun F, Pi J, Jinghu Y, Lin X, et al. IGF signaling pathway in bone and cartilage development, homeostasis, and disease. FASEB J. 2024;38(17).

Manoppo MW. Pencegahan dan penanggulangan stunting melalui pemberian edukasi dan gizi. Klabat J Nurs. 2024;

Hardi R, Yusrawati Y, Afdal A. The role of vitamin d to prevent children’s stunting. World J Adv Res Rev. 2024;

Dadras O, Suwanbamrung C, Jafari M, Stanikzai MH. Prevalence of stunting and its correlates among children under 5 in Afghanistan: the potential impact of basic and full vaccination. BMC Pediatr. 2024;24(1).

Corputty LS, Latuamury SR. Exclusive breastfeeding and the risk of stunting, what does scientific evidence say? 2025;2(1):16–23.

Bancin LJ, Siagian DJM, Sitorus J, Darina S, Sinaga AP. Systematic literature review: exclusive breastfeeding and stunting – a preventive approach for health policy. J Adm Kesehat Indones. 2025;13(1):110–24.

Naufal M, Hansen H, Ghozali G. Pemberian Air Susu Ibu (ASI) Eksklusif dan Makanan Pendamping Air Susu Ibu (MP-ASI) dengan Risiko Stunting pada Balita Usia 0-59 Bulan. J Ilmu Kesehat Masy Public Heal Sci J. 2023;12(02):140–7.

Widyantari KY, Fatriani R, Sari NL, Listiana A. Breastfeeding Practices During The First 1000 Days And Their Long-Term Association With Stunting In Children Under Five: A Systematic Literature Review. JKM (Jurnal Kebidanan Malahayati). 2025;11(7).

Azizah AM, Dewi YLR, Murti B. Meta-Analysis: Breastfeeding and Its Correlation with Stunting. J Matern child Heal [Internet]. 2022;7(3):334–45. Available from: https://thejmch.com/index.php?journal=thejmch&op=download&page=article&path[]=785&path[]=pdf

Zheng M, Campbell KJ, Baur L, Rissel C, Wen LM. Infant feeding and growth trajectories in early childhood: the application and comparison of two longitudinal modelling approaches. Int J Obes [Internet]. 2021;45(10):2230–7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-021-00892-5

Dewi DL, Rahayu S, Putri NR, Nugrahaeni IK. Exclusive Breast Milk an Effort to Prevent Stunting Events: A Literature Review. J Midwifery Sci Basic Appl Res. 2021;3(2).

Putri ZS, Tresnasari C, Islami U. Hubungan Pemberian ASI Eksklusif dengan Kejadian Stunting pada Balita di Desa Baros. J Ris Kedokt. 2025;15–22.

Meek JY, Noble L. Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk. In American Academy of PediatricsItasca, IL; 2022.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jbk.v11i2.25533