Trends in Project-Based Learning Implementation in Science Education (2015-2025): A Systematic Literature Review

Kharisma Sulistya Akhmadi; Heru Kuswanto; Sul Daeng Naba

doi:10.20527/bipf.v14i1.24926

Trends in Project-Based Learning Implementation in Science Education (2015-2025): A Systematic Literature Review

Kharisma Sulistya Akhmadi, Heru Kuswanto, Sul Daeng Naba

Abstract

The paramount goal of this study was to meticulously identify and critically analyze contemporary trends regarding the integration of the Project-Based Learning (PjBL) pedagogical model within science education settings. The adopted research strategy was a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), strictly adhering to the PRISMA framework guidelines, with rigorously defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The literature sources for this review were exclusively focused on national journals indexed in the Science and Technology Index (SINTA), specifically tiers SINTA 2, SINTA 3, and SINTA 4. The search utilized core keywords encompassing the "PjBL learning model" in the context of physics and science. A comprehensive synthesis of 82 published Indonesian articles revealed key findings: The most frequently investigated learning outcome variable in PjBL implementations was creative thinking skills, cited in the largest proportion of studies at 25%, closely followed by critical thinking skills (17%). However, this review identifies a significant research gap: existing studies are heavily centralized at the Senior High School (SMA) level and rely predominantly on quantitative methodologies, leaving a deficiency in the deep exploration of student learning processes and affective-psychomotor impacts across diverse educational levels. Practically, these findings serve as a strategic roadmap for educators to diversify PjBL application beyond common topics like Fluids and Work-Energy, while providing a robust empirical foundation for developing more holistic 21st-century skill assessments in science classrooms. Methodologically, the quantitative research design featuring the Quasi-Experimental model emerged as the predominant approach, evidenced in 27 articles. In terms of temporal distribution, the highest volume of publications occurred in 2024, contributing 25 articles to the dataset. Furthermore, the content areas most frequently investigated were Static and Dynamic Fluids, covered in 9 articles, and the topic of Work and Energy, featuring in 7 published articles. The insights generated from this research are expected to offer a valuable and significant contribution to the educational sector, particularly in guiding the evaluation and subsequent enhancement of science instruction facilitated by the PjBL model.

Keywords

Creative thinking skills; Learning model; Literature review; Project-based; Science learning

Full Text:

PDF

References

Abraham, I. and Supriyati, Y. (2022). Desain kuasi eksperimen dalam pendidikan: literatur review. Jurnal Ilmiah Mandala Education, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.58258/jime.v8i3.3800

Afriana, J., Permanasari, A., & Fitriani, A. (2016). Penerapan project based learning terintegrasi stem untuk meningkatkan literasi sains siswa ditinjau dari gender. Implementation Project-Based Learning Integrated STEM to Improve Scientific Literacy Based on Gender. 2(2), 202–212.

Agustira, D., Al-Muhdhar, M. H. I., Lestari, S. R., & Pratiwi, R. T. (2025). Development of a project based learning model with multiliteracy pedagogic content to improve critical thinking ski lls, problem solving skills, decision making skills, and environmental literacy. Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology, 9(3), 2402–2412. https://doi.org/10.55214/25768484.v9i3.5812

Al-Buraiki, S. A., Al-Siyabi, S. S., & Alghafri, A. S. (2025). Examining the factors behind experimental group superiority in quasi-experimental research: A mixed-methods analysis of ma theses. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 24(9), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.24.9.1

Al-Busaidi, S., & Al-Seyabi, F. (2021). Project-based learning as a tool for student-teachers’ professional development: A study in an Omani EFL teacher education program. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 20(4), 116–136. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.20.4.7

Al-Kamzari, F., & Alias, N. (2025). A systematic literature review of project-based learning in secondary school physics: theoretical foundations, design principles, and implementation strategies. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-04579-4

Alnaimat, F., & Mathew, B. (2025). Teaching methodology to enhance engineering education using computational fluid dynamics. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education. https://doi.org/10.1177/03064190251381522

Ananda, W., & Johari, A. (2024). The effect of the project-based learning (pjbl) model based on an integrated stem approach with entrepreneurial character on students' creative thinking ability. Berkala Ilmiah Pendidikan Fisika, 12(1), 141-152. https://doi.org/10.20527/bipf.v12i1.17937

Anastasiou, D. (2024). Promoting science in specific learning disabilities: three kinds of challenges. International Journal for Research in Learning Disabilities, 7(1), 4–33. https://doi.org/10.28987/ijrld.7.1.3

Anugrah, A., Herlina, K., & Suyatna, A. (2023). Inquiry-Integrated STEM on electronic student worksheet: An effort to stimulate creative thinking and collaborative skills. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Fisika Al-Biruni, 12(2), 251-263.

https://doi.org/10.24042/jipfalbiruni.v12i2.17306

Asnur, L., Weriza, J., & Putri, M. F. (2025). The effectiveness of a vlog-integrated project-based learning model on culinary arts learning achievement. International Journal of Environment, Engineering and Education, 7(2), 109–118. https://doi.org/10.55151/ijeedu.v7i2.276

Asrar, A., & Z, Z. (2024). Pengembangan modul elektrostatika berbasis pjbl untuk meningkatkan kemampuan eksperimen mahasiswa. JPF (Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika) Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar, 12(2), 91–103.

https://doi.org/10.24252/jpf.v12i2.49997

Astri, H., Sinurat, Y., & Muhammad, D. (2022). The implementation of integrated project-based learning science technology engineering mathematics on creative thinking skills and student cognitive learning outcomes in dynamic fluid. Jurnal Penelitian & Pengembangan Pendidikan Fisika, 8(1), 83-94.

Astuti, A. F., Desnita, D., Putra, A., & Emiliannur, E. (2024). Comparison of students’ critical thinking ability between PBL and PjBL learning groups on environmental pollution material Phase-E at SMAN 1 2x11 Kayu Tanam. ORBITA: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Ilmu Fisika, 10(2), 127. https://doi.org/10.31764/orbita.v10i2.23679

Baharuddin, N., & Setiawan, T. (2024). Implementation of project based learning on students' learning interest and understanding of physics concepts. Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika dan Teknologi, 10(1), 157-167.

Batubara, H. H., Noor, H., Siregar, P., Husni, M., Wibowo, D. R., Maghfurin, A., & Ariani, D. N. (2023). Developing a mobile-assisted project-based learning model for a learning media course. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies, 17(17), 4–18. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v17i17.41705

Berliana, D. R., Suwarma, I. R., & Novia, H. (2024). Implementation of project based learning on students' learning interest and understanding of physics concepts. Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika dan Teknologi, 10(1), 157-167.

Chen, S., Wei, B., & Zhang, H. (2023). Exploring high school students’ disciplinary science identities and their differences. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 21(2), 377–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-022-10257-7

Chhabra, M., & Gawande, A. (2025). How does project-based-learning makes difference in secondary school mathematics. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 7(9). https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2025550

Daeng Naba, S., Istiyono, E., Kurniawan, A., & Adrianto, N. (2024). Development and validation of physics multiple-choice tests on the nature of physics using rasch modelling analysis. Jurnal Pendidikan MIPA, 25(2), 671–685. https://doi.org/10.23960/jpmipa/v25i2.pp671-685

Daeng Naba, S., Kuswanto, H., Kurniawan, A., & Adrianto, N. (2024). Exploring of physics concepts of “sound waves” in the moronene tribe’s tamburu musical instrument as a physics learning material. Science : Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Matematika Dan IPA, 4(4).

Damayanti, P., Yusro, A. C., & Wahyuni, T. (2023). Science learning in solar system material with differentiated learning styles using the project-based learning (PjBL) model to improve cognitive learning outcomes. Berkala Ilmiah Pendidikan Fisika, 11(2), 185-196. https://doi.org/10.20527/bipf.v11i2.16226

Deng, K. K., & Zhang, H. (2025). Provision of private education and accessibility to top public schools. Real Estate Economics, 53(6), 1223–1257. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6229.70001

Dinamis, F., Utami, Z. L., Bukit, N., Simanjuntak, M. P., Utami, Z. L., Bukit, N., & Simanjuntak, M. P. (2020). Pengaruh model project based learning terhadap keterampilan berpikir kreatif pada materi. 8(2), 97–101.

Dwi, Y., Sagala, A., Simanjuntak, M. P., Bukit, N., Dwi, Y., Sagala, A., Simanjuntak, M. P., & Bukit, N. (2020). Penerapan project based learning berbasis LKS terhadap keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa. Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika, 8(2), 85-90.

Dwiyanti, E. (2020). Pengembangan perangkat pembelajaran berbasis proyek untuk meningkatkan keterampilan proses sains peserta didik. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Fisika, 4(2), 45-57.

El Iq Bali, M. M., Baharun, H., Madanibillah, A., Muali, C., Anam, N. K., & Bon, A. T. (2021). Innovative learning media based on e-learning in the new normal era. Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, 6987–6993.

Ellianawati, E., Ardilla, D., & Wiji, W. (2024). Development of student worksheet integrated by differentiated-pjbl model to train student science process skills on renewable energy material. Jurnal Penelitian & Pengembangan Pendidikan Fisika, 10(2), 229-242.

Erin, A., Cahyani, M., Mayasari, T., & Sasono, M. (2020). Efektivitas e-modul project based learning berintegrasi stem terhadap kreativitas siswa smk. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Fisika, 4(1), 15.. https://doi.org/10.20527/jipf.v4i1.1774

Erlangga, S. Y., Setyawan, D. N., Wijayanti, A., & Winingsih, P. H. (2024). Enhancing Students' Critical Thinking in Thermodynamics through Long Bumbung Local Wisdom-Based Physics Comics. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Fisika Al-Biruni, 13(1), 69-79. https://doi.org/10.24042/jipfalbiruni.v13i1.17872

Eswaran, U. (2024). Project-based learning: Fostering collaboration, creativity, and critical thinking. In Enhancing Education With Intelligent Systems and Data-Driven Instruction (pp. 23–43). https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-2169-0.ch002

Fitria, D., Asrizal, A., & Lufri, L. (2025). Enhancing 21st-century skills through blended problem-based learning with ethnoscience integration: A mixed-methods study in indonesian junior high schools. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 24(1), 464–480. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.24.1.23

Gargani, J., Jacq, A., Gispert, H., & Brunet, P. (2022). Scientific truth and social issues. Natures Sciences Societes, 30(2), 184–190. https://doi.org/10.1051/nss/2022026

Gurdi, N., Adinda Akhila, A., Putri Tonang, A., Amelya Putri, C., & Rahma Yunus, S. (2025). Universitas papua a rasch analysis of teacher understanding regarding project-based learning models. Physics Education Journal, 8(1), 24–39.

Güth, F., & van Vorst, H. (2024). To choose or not to choose? Effects of choice in authentic context-based learning environments. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 39(4), 3403–3433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-024-00798-6

Hasani, R., Ardhuha, J., & Harjono, A. (2024). The effect of steam-based project-based learning model on the critical thinking skills of eleventh-grade students in the topics of elasticity and hooke's law. Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika dan Teknologi, 10(2), 395-403.

Hidayat, H., Anwar, M., Harmanto, D., Dewi, F. K., Orji, C. T., & Isa, M. R. M. (2024). Two decades of project-based learning in engineering education: A 21-year meta-analysis. TEM Journal, 13(4), 3514–3525. https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM134-84

Houghton, L., & Loy, J. (2024). Skills for industry 4.0: Navigating uncertainty in a digital era. In Advances in Industrial Engineering in the Industry 4.0 Era (pp. 3–25). https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003486244-2

Husin, M., & Raddhin, R. F. (2023). The effectiveness of project-based learning (pjbl) on learning outcomes: A meta-analysis using jasp. JIPF (Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Fisika), 8(3), 327-336. https://doi.org/10.26737/jipf.v8i3.3701

Husna, I. H. (2025). Development of Integrated Science E-Learning Materials Integrated with Ethno-PjBL to Encourage Students' 21st Century Skills. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 11(7), 974-989. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v11i7.11613

Ilma, A. Z., Utami, E., & Kusumaningtyas, D. A. (2024). STEM-Project based learning in physics concept of measurement to enhance high school students' scientific literacy. Jurnal Penelitian & Pengembangan Pendidikan Fisika, 10(2), 273-284.

Imron, E. M., Sarwendah, F., Nugraheni, A., & Utami, B. (2025). Effectiveness of ethno-stem-based science teaching with the project-based learning model on students' scientific literacy. Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan IPA, 11(2), 435-453.

Intan, A. N., Diani, R., & Suryani, Y. (2025). Enhancing collaboration and problem-solving skills: The role of blended project-based learning. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Fisika, 9(2), 312–322.

Kaniawati, I., Triyani, G., Danawan, A., Suyana, I., Samsudin, A., & Suhendi, E. (2021). Implementation of interactive conceptual instruction (ICI) with computer simulation: Impact of students’ misconceptions on momentum and impulse material. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Fisika Al-Biruni, 10(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.24042/jipfalbiruni.v10i1.8375

Karuniawati, W., Harjono, A., Busyairi, A., & Taufik, M. (2021). Pengembangan perangkat pembelajaran fisika berbasis proyek untuk meningkatkan kemampuan komunikasi peserta didik. Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika dan Teknologi, 7(2), 141-146.

Keane, K., & Yeow, P. (2023). Blurring the Boundaries: The New Collaborative Education, Work and Skills Ecosystem. In Design Education Across Disciplines: Transformative Learning Experiences for the 21st Century (pp. 55–69). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23152-0_4

Khaeruddin, K., Indarwati, S., An analysis of students’ higher order thinking skills through the project-based learning model on science subject. Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika Indonesia, 19(1), 47-54. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpfi.v19i1.34259

Kim, A., & Wootton, D. (2021). Problem-based learning: a case study demonstrating the benefits of a post-freshman summer invention program on thermal fluid sciences engagement and professional development. ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Proceedings (IMECE), 9. https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2021-71354

Kurnia, I., Dewi, P., & Lubis, P. H. M. (2024). Development of project-based learning physics e-modules to improve analytical skills. Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika, 13, 24–33.

Kurniasih, T. (2021). Implementation of electronic student worksheets with the project-based learning (pjbl) model to improve motivation and learning outcomes. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Fisika.

Kurniawan, A., Kuswanto, H., Naba, S. D., & Syar, N. I. (2024). Trends of computational thinking research in science and technology area: A systematic literature review. SCIENCE: Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Matematika Dan IPA, 4(4).

Larsen, I. B. (2025). Project-based learning in business and management education: A scoping review and research agenda. International Journal of Management Education, 23(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2025.101159

Leeds, D. M., & Mokher, C. G. (2022). Unintended short- and longer-term consequences of assignment to college readiness courses: Evidence from florida. Educational Policy, 36(6), 1315–1347. https://doi.org/10.1177/0895904820964747

Lili, L., Sitompul, S. S., Firdaus, F., & Oktavianty, E. (2025). Penetrapan model pjbl terintegrasi stem untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar pada materi energi terbarukan di sma. Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika FKIP UM Metro, 13(1), 61-74.

Lisa, M., & Efwinda, S. (2024). Enhancing students' learning outcomes and science process skills through stem project-based learning on global warming topics. Jurnal Penelitian & Pengembangan Pendidikan Fisika, 10(1), 147–160.

Luh, N., Mareta, I., Redhana, W., & Suastra, W. (2023). Multiple scaffolding STEAM project-based learning model in science learning. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(8), 6493–6502. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i8.4470

Lumbantobing, S. S., Prabowo, D. J., & Sianturi, M. (2022). The effect of project based learning integrated stem to increase science process skill. Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika Dan Teknologi, 8(2), 299-305.

Made, N., Suranti, Y., & Sahidu, H. (2016). Pengaruh model project based learning berbantuan media virtual terhadap penguasaan konsep peserta didik pada materi alat-alat optik. Jurnal pendidikan fisika dan teknologi, 2(2), 73-79.

Maemum, P. J., & Ardhuha, J. (2025). The Effect of PjBL on Critical Thinking Skills of High School Students in Physics Learning on Topic of Static Fluid. Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika dan Teknologi, 11(1), 248-256.

Mahulae, P. S., Makahinda, T., Fisika, P., Manado, U. N., Unima, J. K., Minahasa, K., & Utara, S. (2023). Efektifitas penerapan model project based effectiveness of project-based learning in learning media course in physics education. Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika, 12, 145–149.

Maolida, A. S., Purwianingsih, W., & Rahman, T. (2024). SSI-integrated pjbl model in biodiversity topics : Is it effective for increasing students ’ digital literacy ?. Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan IPA, 10(2), 196-209.

Mota, F. B., Cabral, B. P., Braga, L. A. M., & Lopes, R. M. (2025). Mapping the global research on project-based learning: A bibliometric and network analysis (2014–2024). Frontiers in Education, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1522694

Mugendi, E. R., Gitonga, C., Rugano, P., & Ndwiga, Z. N. (2024). Correlates gender traits and mindset on the choice of physics subject at high school in Kenya. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 13(1), 398–406. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v13i1.25436

Muhtar, M., Suryanti, S., Bachri, B. S., Mila, K., Laili, A. Q., Yuliaturosida, E., & Siyam, I. N. (2025). Implementation of project-based learning model in vocational high schools: A bibliometric analysis. Educational Process: International Journal, 15. https://doi.org/10.22521/edupij.2025.15.169

Mukti, Y. P., Masykuri, M., Sunarno, W., & Rosyida, U. N. (2020). Exploring the impact of project-based learning and discovery learning to the students’ learning outcomes: Reviewed from the analytical skills. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Fisika Al-Biruni, 9(1), 121-131. https://doi.org/10.24042/jipfalbiruni.v9i1.4561

Munawarah, M., Novita, N., Faradhillah, F., Syafrizal, S., & Sakdiah, H. (2023). Application of project-based learning (pjbl) models assisted with teaching aids to improve students' science process skills on work and energy materials. Berkala Ilmiah Pendidikan Fisika, 11(1), 116-123.

Murni, A. W., & Suprapto, N. (2023). Use of bibliometric software to explore the relationship between scientific literacy and socio-scientific issues. E3S Web of Conferences, 450. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202345003009

Mutanga, M. B. (2024). Students’ perspectives and experiences in project-based learning: A qualitative study. Trends in Higher Education, 3(4), 903–911. https://doi.org/10.3390/higheredu3040052

Mutohhari, F., Sutiman, S., Nurtanto, M., Kholifah, N., & Samsudin, A. (2021). Difficulties in implementing 21st century skills competence in vocational education learning. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 10(4), 1229–1236. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v10i4.22028

Nabilah, R. S., & Jumadi, J. (2022). Study of content analysis: Trends of educational research for physics courses in indonesia. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 8(1), pp.393–400. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v8i1.1293

Nailufari, N. N. A., Septiani, A. K., Dato, A. A. K., & Lesmono, A. D. (2024). Analisis berpikir kreatif siswa menggunakan metode pembelajaran project based learning. JPF (Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika) Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar, 12(1), 39–45. https://doi.org/10.24252/jpf.v12i1.43591

Nida, R., Salam, A., & Haryandi, S. (2021). Pengembangan bahan ajar elektronik berbasis multimodel pada materi alat-alat optik untuk melatihkan kemampuan analisis peserta didik. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Fisika, 5(2), 107-122.

Ningsih, S. K., Oktavianty, E., Sitompul, S. S., Silitonga, T. M., Musa, M., & Hidayatullah, M. M. S. (2023). Penerapan model project based learning untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kreatif peserta didik materi pemuaian. Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika FKIP UM Metro, 11(1), 108-120.

Nisa, K., & Suprapto, N. (2024). Rasch analysis to detect bias on gender and domicile in ethno-physics test and students’ answer. AIP Conference Proceedings, 3116(1). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0210081

Nurdiansah, I., Makiyah, Y. S., Studi, P., Fisika, P., & Siliwangi, U. (2021). Efektivitas modul hybrid project based learning (h-pjbl) berbasis laboratorium untuk meningkatkan keterampilan proses sains siswa. Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika Dan Teknologi, 7(2), 104-110.

Nurdiansah, I., Surahman, E., Makiyah, Y. S., & Kurnia, E. (2024). The effect of laboratory-based blended-project based learning model on the science process skills of students. Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika Indonesia, 20(1), 74-84. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpfi.v20i1.43491

Nurkanti, M., Lubis, M., Hudha, A. M., & Shukri, A. A. M. (2025). Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of project-based learning in college biology education for the development of higher-order thinking skills. Educational Process: International Journal, 18. https://doi.org/10.22521/edupij.2025.18.463

Nurwahyuningsih, N., Harjono, A., & Rahayu, S. (2019). Pemecahan masalah usaha dan energi dengan model pembelajaran berbasis proyek ditinjau dari keterampilan berpikir kritis peserta didik. Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika dan Teknologi, 5(2), 253-261.

Octapera, L. A., & Mahtari, S. (2024). Statistic fluida teaching module oriented to stem-pjbl for improving learners ’ creativity. Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika.

Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. In The BMJ (Vol. 372). BMJ Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71

Paminto, J., Yulianto, A., & Linuwih, S. (2023). Development of PJBL-based Physics Edu Media to Improve The 21st Century learning skills of high school students. Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika Indonesia, 19(2), 180-192. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpfi.v19i2.44703

Panigrahi, R. R., & Hanum, E. (2024). Project-based learning on STEAM-based student's worksheet with ecoprint technique: effects on student scientific reasoning and creativity. Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan IPA, 10(2), 222-236..

Paramita, W., & Fitria, Y. (2025). Pengaruh pendekatan steam berbasis pjbl terhadap high order thinking skills peserta didik. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 11(8), 1201-1205. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v11i8.11824

Pastore, S., & Mincu, M. (2024). A feasible balance? The Italian teachers’ standpoint on assessment literacy, assessment practice, and teacher professional development. European Journal of Teacher Education, 47(2), 226–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2024.2338853

Pratama, D. H., Maryati, M., & Suyanta, S. (2023). The The need analysis of PjBL Model Science e-book based indigenous knowledge on process of making ulos woven cloth. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(12), 10523-10530. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i12.5904

Pujaningsih, F. B., & Arunde, B. O. (2022). Validity of physics module development in electronics subject project- based operational amplifier material. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Fisika, 8(2).

Puspitaningrum, R. D., Listiani, I., & Rudyanto, H. E. (2025). Analysis of critical thinking skills in science learning through the implementation of project based learning model assisted by animated video media in elementary school students. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 11(9), 1048-1054. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v11i9.12683

Putri, D. T., & Dwikoranto, D. (2022). Pengaruh model blended project based learning terhadap kemampuan berpikir kreatif siswa. IPF: Inovasi Pendidikan Fisika, 11(3), 10–15. https://doi.org/10.26740/ipf.v11n3.p10-15

Rachmawati, T. N., Andy, A., Zainuddin, A., & Munasir, D. (2023). Analysis of critical thinking skills in science learning through the implementation of project based learning model assisted by animated video media in elementary school students. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 11(9), 1048-1054.

Rahmawati, I., Fisika, T., & Tarbiyah, F. (2021). Mengembangkan keterampilan berpikir kreatif calon guru fisika melalui model project based e-learning. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Fisika, 6(2), 283.

Ramadhani, P. I., Handayani, R. A. D., & Nuraini, L. Application of The PjBL Model to Train Science Literacy Skills of High School Students on the Subject of Alternative Energy. Berkala Ilmiah Pendidikan Fisika, 11(3), 370-381.

Riswanto, R., Alarifin, D. H., & Harjati, P. (2024). Efisiensi praktikum fisika melalui penyajian laporan hasil praktikum berbasis video projek dalam menumbuhkan kemampuan self-learning mahasiswa. Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika FKIP UM Metro, 12(2), 171-183.

Rizki, I. A., Suprapto, N., & Admoko, S. (2022). Exploration of physics concepts with traditional engklek ( hopscotch ) game : Is it potential in physics ethno-STEM learning ? Jurnal ilmiah pendidikan fisika Al-Biruni, 11(1), 19-33.11(1), 19–33. https://doi.org/10.24042/jipfalbiruni.v11i1.10900

Rohman, M. H., Marwoto, P., Nugroho, S. E., & Supriyadi, S. (2024). Effectiveness of ethnoecological-stem project-based learning model to improve critical thinking skills, creativity, and science concept mastery. International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education, 12(3), 521–534. https://doi.org/10.23947/2334-8496-2024-12-3-521-534

Rohman, M. H., Marwoto, P., & Priatmoko, S. (2022). A study of sound materials of water hyacinth (eichhornia crassipes) as alternative steam integrated project-based learning model (pjbl). Jurnal Penelitian & Pengembangan Pendidikan Fisika, 8(1), 11-22.

Rushton, E. A. C., Charters, L., & Reiss, M. J. (2021). The experiences of active participation in academic conferences for high school science students. Research in Science and Technological Education, 39(1), 90–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/02635143.2019.1657395

Saefullah, A., Suherman, A., Utami, R. T., Antarnusa, G., & Ayu, D. (2021). Implementation of pjbl-stem to improve students ’ creative thinking skills on static fluid topic. Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Fisika, 6(2), 149–157. https://doi.org/10.26737/jipf.v6i2.1805

Sahid, M. R. H., Arisnawati, A., & Saparuddin, S. (2024). Penerapan model project based learning untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar peserta didik kelas VII. LENSA (Lentera Sains): Jurnal Pendidikan IPA, 14(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.24929/lensa.v14i1.336

Salani, E., Salani, G. G., Kgotlaetsile, M. F., & Maundeni, W. B. (2025). Teachers’ perspectives on the challenges of implementing vygotsky’s social constructivist outcome-based assessment in secondary schools in botswana. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 24(4), 545–567. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.24.4.25

Salazar-Tabima, J. (2025). Influence of personal and social motivation on the attitude towards academic success in higher education: an analysis with PLS-SEM. International Journal of Learning and Change, 17(2), 185–204. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJLC.2025.146615

Sambite, F. C. V, Mujasam, M., Widyaningsih, W., & Irfan, D. (2019). Penerapan project based learning berbasis alat peraga sederhana untuk meningkatkan hots peserta didik. Berkala Ilmiah Pendidikan Fisika, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.2057/bipf.v7i2.6310

Saputro, B. (2019). Project-Based ( PjBL ) and Guided Inquiry Learning : Students ’ Response to Rectilinear and Circular Motion Phenomena. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Fisika Al Biruni, 08(2), 187–196. https://doi.org/10.24042/jipfalbiruni.v0i0.4422

Sari, S. A., Dewi, R. S., Saputra, K., Kembaren, A., Hasibuan, H., & Talib, C. A. (2025). Integration of analytical chemistry flipbooks based on project-based learning in improving critical thinking skills and scientific literacy to support SDG-4. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 14(1), 59–69. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v14i1.21038

Sekarningrum, M., Subali, B., Linuwih, S., & Nugultham, K. (2025). Development of digital student worksheet based on process differentiation with stem-pjbl approach on light wave material. JIPF (Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Fisika), 10(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.26737/jipf.v10i1.5609

Setiawan, A., & Musaffak, M. (2021). Profil penelitian keterampilan membaca cepat pada jurnal pendidikan bahasa dan sastra indonesia dalam ppjb-sip. Satwika Kajian Ilmu Budaya dan Perubahan Sosial, 7(2), 463-475. https://doi.org/10.22219/kembara.v7i2.17889

Setyani, U., Nugroho, I. R., & Wilujeng, I. (2024). Development of the PjBL model science e-book to improve creative thinking skills of middle school students. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 10(3), 1032-1038.10(3), 1025–1031. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i3.6303

Sholehuddin, M., & Wilujeng, I. (2025). Effect of stem-pjbl-based science student book integrated with religious values on spiritual attitudes and science literacy. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 11(5), 650-656. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v11i5.10265

Simanjuntak, M. P., Simatupang, H., Manurung, G. A., & Octavia, S. C. (2023). Literasi sains dengan pembelajaran ipa berbasis proyek terintegrasi stem. Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika, 12(1), 35.

Sodikin, S., Suparmi, S., & Sarwanto, S. (2014). Penerapan model challenge based learning dengan metode eksperimen dan proyek ditinjau dari keingintahuan dan sikap ilmiah terhadap prestasi belajar siswa. Inkuiri, 66064.

Subekti, A. O., Rahayu, R., & Trisnowati, E. (2025). The application of pjbl with stem integration: Its effect on science problem-solving abilities. Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan IPA, 11(1), 352-362.

Suharsono, N., Hidayat, R., Zen, F., Rusmana, D., & Permansah, S. (2025). Evaluating pedagogical approaches in business education: a comparative analysis. Journal of Education and Learning, 19(2), 616–625. https://doi.org/10.11591/edulearn.v19i2.21819

Sujud, R., Rahmawati, Y., & Utami, A. D. (2024). Development of science literacy through group choice STEM-PjBL projects integrated with matter state changes. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 10(5), 2552-2564.https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i5.6441

Sumo, M., Jatmiko, B., Arifin, Z., & Supardi, I. (2024). Profile of scientific creativity based on project based learning of physics education undergraduate students: Preliminary research. JIPF (Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Fisika), 9(3), 377-386. https://doi.org/10.26737/jipf.v9i3.5802

Sumo, M., & Kholida, S. I. (2025). Pengembangan lkpd berbasis model pjbl berbantuan phet untuk meningkatkan kreativitas ilmiah siswa sma materi fisika. Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika FKIP UM Metro, 13(1), 75-91.

Suyono, S., Tukiran, T., & Yuliaturosida, E. (2025). Exploring project-based learning for enhancing creative thinking in high schools: A bibliometric analysis and literature review. Educational Process: International Journal, 18. https://doi.org/10.22521/edupij.2025.17.480

Swandi, A., Rahmadhanningsih, S., & Amin, B. D. (2022). Project-based learning on laboratory experiment about refraction and total internal reflection of different types of materials. JIPF (Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Fisika), 7(2), 102-111.

Swandi, A., Rahmadhanningsih, S., Amin, B. D., Nurhayati, N., Viridi, S., & Chang, C.-H. (2022). Project-based learning on laboratory experiment about refraction and total internal reflection of different types of materials. JIPF (Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Fisika), 7(2), 102. https://doi.org/10.26737/jipf.v7i2.2257

Swandi, A., Rahmadhanningsih, S., Yusuf, I., Sri, &, & Widyaningsih, W. (2021). Exploring the compton scattering phenomenon with virtual learning under project based learning model (pjbl). Physics Education Journal, 4(1), 1–12.

Syukri, M., Yanti, D. A., Mahzum, E., & Hamid, A. (2021).

Development of a PjBL model learning program plan based on a stem approach to improve students’ science process skills. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 7(2), 269-274.

Tarigan, K., Koto, I., Medriati, R., Risdianto, E., & Defianti, A. (2025). Effectiveness of project based learning model assisted by ethnophysics of traditional games on higher order thinking skills of grade xi students. Kasuari: Physics Education Journal (KPEJ), 8(1), 147-161.

Ursachi, T.-M., Brezoaie, R.-E., & Dascalu, M.-I. (2025). Emergin technologies in immersive learning: A systematic review of trends, challenges, and opportunities. 2025 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Blockchain, Smart Healthcare and Emerging Technologies, SmartBlock4Health 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartBlock4Health64843.2025.11189574

Venalia, A., Djudin, T., & Oktavianty, E. (2022). Venalia, A., Djudin, T., & Oktavianty, E. (2022). Application of project-based learning (pjbl) models with stem approaches in dynamic electricity material learning. Berkala Ilmiah Pendidikan Fisika, 10(3), 305-312. https://doi.org/10.20527/bipf.v10i3.13800

Veroniki, A. A., Tricco, A. C., Rangira, D., McKenzie, J. E., Li, T., Straus, S. E., Smith, M., Catalá-López, F., Wolfe, D., Nincic, V., Konstantinidis, M., Franco, J., Tovey, D., Thirugnanasampanthar, S. S.,

Dourka, J., Warren, R., Wells, G., Stevens, A., & Hutton, B. (2025). Updating the PRISMA reporting guideline for network meta-analysis: a scoping review. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2025.111985

Vithanage, V., & Nakashima, N. (2025). Evaluating the effectiveness of a project-based stem curriculum in the acquisition and development of 4cs of 21st-century skills. School Science and Mathematics. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssm.18388

Wahono, L., Yuli, E., Asmawati, S., & Suseno, N. (2021). Project based learning (pjbl) dalam proses pembelajaran daring pada materi hukum bernoulli menggunakan botol bekas. Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika dan Teknologi, 7(2), 218223.

Wason, D. H. (2025). The troublesome nature of learning to teach critical thinking: Using threshold concepts theory to support teacher education. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2024.101661

Wibowo, F. C., & Ahmad, N. J. (2023). Enhancing creative thinking skills through project-based learning assisted game open online physics instructional. JIPF (Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Fisika), 8(3), 278. https://doi.org/10.26737/jipf.v8i3.3868

Yennita, Y., Zulirfan, Z., Hermita, N., & Hakim, L. (2022). Validation and testing of STEM project-based virtual learning modules to improve higher-level thinking skills. JIPF (Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Fisika), 7(2), 145-156. https://doi.org/10.26737/jipf.v7i2.2420

Yolanda, S. A., & Yolanda, S. A. (2025). Pengembangan e-modul ipa berbasis pjbl (project based learning) pada kelas viii untuk meningkatkan keterampilan berpikir kritis peserta didik. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 11(10), 873-881. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v11i10.12283

Yulianti, D., & Masiroh, F. (2024). The implementation of learning physics with the STEM-PBL approach to Newton’s law materials and its application for character development. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Fisika Al Biruni, 13(2), 191–204. https://doi.org/10.24042/jipfalbiruni.v13i2.18750

Yusri, R., Yusof, A. M., & Sharina, A. (2024). A systematic literature review of project-=based learning: research trends, methods, elements, and frameworks. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 13(5), 3345–3359. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v13i5.27875

Zahirah, B. T. S. (2024). The effect of the stem integrated project-based learning assisted by electronic student worksheets on students’ science process skills. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 10(3), 1442-1450. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i3.5461

Zhauna, T., Haritzah, H., Purwaningsih, E., Reyza, M., & Taqwa, A. (2024). Development of electronic independent learning activity unit (e-ilau) using project-based learning-stem integrated tpack to improve higher-order thinking skills. Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika Indonesia, 20(1), 105-123. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpfi.v20i1.42132

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/bipf.v14i1.24926