Racial Discrimination and Resistance in Judas and the Black Messiah Film
Abstract
Judas and the Black Messiah reflects the real events focusing on O’Neal’s betrayal to Hampton in the late 1960s directed by Shaka King. This research aims to determine the racial discrimination towards the black characters and resistance strategies in the Judas and the Black Messiah (2021). In this research, the writer applied a qualitative research method with a descriptive analysis technique in analyzing the data. Furthermore, in this research, the writer utilized Racial Discrimination theory proposed by Rebecca M. Blank and Marilyn Dabady to examine the racial discrimination against the black characters. The results show black characters facing racial discrimination on a daily basis in three forms, such as in Explicit Discrimination, Statistical Discrimination and Profiling, and Organizational Processes. The members of the Black Panther Party are labeled as a group of criminals by the government and stated as a threat to national security. Thus, this makes the black characters have to suffer on a daily basis through physical attack from the police and often receive racial slurs. Nevertheless, the result also portrays the black characters in utilizing the resistance strategies to fight against racial discrimination. There are several strategies utilized by the black characters, such as Political Education, Coalition Building, Direct Actions and Protests, and Empowerment Through Leadership. It attempts to fight back against injustice treatment and government oppression of minorities.
Keywords: Black Characters, Racial Discrimination, Racism, Resistance Strategies
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Adam, M. R. (2018). Racism in “The Help” Movie by Tate Taylor (A Sociological Approach). British (Jurnal Bahasa Dan Sastra Inggris), 7(2), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.31314/british.7.2.120-129.2018
Adler, P. S. (2022). Capitalism, Socialism, and the Climate Crisis. Organization Theory, 3(1), 26317877221084713. https://doi.org/10.1177/26317877221084713
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Buansari, I., Pangestu, M., & Kans, F. R. (2021). Racism Aspect in Get Out Movie Directed by Jordan Peele. Pujangga, 7(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.47313/pujangga.v7i1.1128
Bünger, K. W. (2021). Revolution i Hollywood En analys av Judas and the Black Messiah utifrån den kritiska teorin [Bachelor Thesis]. Linnéuniversitetet.
Cappiccie, A., Chadha, J., Lin, M. B., & Snyder, F. (2012). Using Critical Race Theory to Analyze How Disney Constructs Diversity: A Construct for the Baccalaureate Human Behavior in the Social Environment Curriculum. Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 32(1), 46–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/08841233.2012.640252
Chan, J., Craddock, N., & Swami, V. (2023). Resistance and empowerment against racism: A preregistered study of associations with body appreciation and body acceptance by others in racialised minority adults in the United Kingdom. Body Image, 46, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.04.010
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Delsol, R. (2015). Racial profiling. Criminal Justice Matters, 101(1), 34–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/09627251.2015.1080944
Ellefsen, R., Banafsheh, A., & Sandberg, S. (2022). Resisting racism in everyday life: From ignoring to confrontation and protest. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 45(16), 435–457. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2022.2094716
Fahle, E. M., Reardon, S. F., Kalogrides, D., Weathers, E. S., & Jang, H. (2020). Racial Segregation and School Poverty in the United States, 1999–2016. Race and Social Problems, 12(1), 42–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-019-09277-w
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Haryanti, R. S., Kuncara, S. D., & Valiantien, N. M. (2019). Discrimination Towards African-American Women as Portrayed in Hidden Figures Film. Jurnal Ilmu Budaya, 3(4), 420–429.
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Madula, J., Kuncara, S. D., & Asanti, C. (2017). Rebellion Against Racism And Discrimination In The Movies Rise Of The Planet Of The Apes And Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes. Jurnal Ilmu Budaya, 1, 126–139.
Mastropierro, L., & Conklin, K. (2021). Racial slurs and perception of racism in Heart of Darkness. Journal of Literary Semantics, 50(1), 25–41. https://doi.org/10.1515/jls-2021-2028
Mokodongani, I. Y., & Laya, R. (2022). Blacks Point of View of Discrimination in the Movie the Hate U Give (2018). 1, 81–95.
Najdowski, C. J. (2023). How the “Black criminal” stereotype shapes Black people’s psychological experience of policing: Evidence of stereotype threat and remaining questions. American Psychologist, 78(5), 695–713. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0001159
Ocran, J. (2022). “There is something like a barrier”: Disability stigma, structural discrimination and middle-class persons with disability in Ghana. Cogent Social Sciences, 8(1), 2084893. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2084893
O’Dea, C. J., & Saucier, D. A. (2020). Perceptions of Racial Slurs Used by Black Individuals Toward White Individuals: Derogation or Affiliation? Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 39(5–6), 678–700. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X20904983
Padma, D. K., Yustitia, S., & Fathonah, S. (2020). Analysis of the Action of Racism on the Help Film Directed by Tate Taylor. The Indonesian Journal of Communication Studies, 13(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.31315/ijcs.v13i1.3848
Pakaya, M. F., Mariana, A., & Husain, D. (2021). Analysis of Racism in “12 Years A Slave” Movie Directed By Steve Mcqueen. Linguistics and Literature Studies, 1(2), 17.
Ponniah, G. (2021). Judas & Black Messiah: Every Real Group Besides Black Panthers Explained. Screen Rant. https://screenrant.com/judas-black-messiah-crowns-patriots-lords-rainbow-coalition/
Pradnyana, K. G. (2023). The Analysis of Taboo Language as a Form of Racial Discrimination on Blackkklansman Film by Spike Lee. International Journal of Language and Literature, 6(3), 107–118. https://doi.org/10.23887/ijll.v6i3.29254
Rizky, C. A. (2020). The Struggle of African-American Against Racial Discrimination in Angie Thomas’ The Hate U Give. 86.
Ross, M. B. (2022). Sissy insurgencies: A racial anatomy of unfit manliness. Duke University Press.
Sholihati, J., & Purnama, A. (2021). Racism in Where’s the Money (2017) Movie. CALL, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.15575/call.v3i1.12501
Smith, T. N. (2017). Race as a Social Construct: Evolution of Black Ascription. XAVIER, 15(1), 28–35.
Stamps, D. (2017). The Social Construction of the African American Family on Broadcast Television: A Comparative Analysis of The Cosby Show and Blackish. Howard Journal of Communications, 28(4), 405–420. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646175.2017.1315688
Suryanovika, C., & Negara, I. M. (2019). The Identification of Slurs and Swear Words in Bronte Sisters’ Novels. Lingua Cultura, 13(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.21512/lc.v13i1.5190
Sutrisno, B., Laksmiati, Y. D., & Rachmawati, B. (2022). Racism in 42 Movie Directd by Brian Helgeland. 7(1), 65–72. https://doi.org/10.37110/jell.v7i1.144
Tolson, A. L. (1975). Historical and Modern Trends in Black Capitalism. The Black Scholar, 6(7), 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/00064246.1975.11413704
Tran, N. (2023). Community Psychology’s abuse of empowerment to further a white supremacist agenda. American Journal of Community Psychology, ajcp.12676. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12676
Tyson, L. (2006). Critical Theory Today: A User-Friendly Guide (Second Edition). Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Wang, P. (2022). Going Solo: An Analysis of China’s ‘Single Economy’ through the Date-renting Industry. Asian Studies Review, 46(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2021.1929068
Xu, Y., & Zhang, M. (2022). The Study of the Impact of Empowering Leadership on Adaptive Performance of Faculties Based on Chain Mediating. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.938951
Zalesko, M. (2015). Capitalism vs. Socialism – An Attempt to Analyse The Competitiveness of Economic Systems. Ekonomia i Prawo, 14, 61. https://doi.org/10.12775/EiP.2015.005
Adam, M. R. (2018). Racism in “The Help” Movie by Tate Taylor (A Sociological Approach). British (Jurnal Bahasa Dan Sastra Inggris), 7(2), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.31314/british.7.2.120-129.2018
Adler, P. S. (2022). Capitalism, Socialism, and the Climate Crisis. Organization Theory, 3(1), 26317877221084713. https://doi.org/10.1177/26317877221084713
Atika, N., & Tarihoran, R. K. (2022). An Analysis of Racism in the Film of The Green Mile by Frank Darabont. PHILOLOGY Journal of English Language and Literature, 2(2), 70–76. https://doi.org/10.32696/pjell.v2i2.1347
Blank, R. M., & Dabady, M. (2004). Measuring Racial Discrimination (p. 10887). National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/10887
Braveman, P. A., Arkin, E., Proctor, D., Kauh, T., & Holm, N. (2022). Systemic And Structural Racism: Definitions, Examples, Health Damages, And Approaches To Dismantling: Study examines definitions, examples, health damages, and dismantling systemic and structural racism. Health Affairs, 41(2), 171–178. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2021.01394
Buansari, I., Pangestu, M., & Kans, F. R. (2021). Racism Aspect in Get Out Movie Directed by Jordan Peele. Pujangga, 7(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.47313/pujangga.v7i1.1128
Bünger, K. W. (2021). Revolution i Hollywood En analys av Judas and the Black Messiah utifrån den kritiska teorin [Bachelor Thesis]. Linnéuniversitetet.
Cappiccie, A., Chadha, J., Lin, M. B., & Snyder, F. (2012). Using Critical Race Theory to Analyze How Disney Constructs Diversity: A Construct for the Baccalaureate Human Behavior in the Social Environment Curriculum. Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 32(1), 46–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/08841233.2012.640252
Chan, J., Craddock, N., & Swami, V. (2023). Resistance and empowerment against racism: A preregistered study of associations with body appreciation and body acceptance by others in racialised minority adults in the United Kingdom. Body Image, 46, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.04.010
Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (2017). Critical Race Theory: An Introduction (Third Edition). NYU Press.
Delsol, R. (2015). Racial profiling. Criminal Justice Matters, 101(1), 34–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/09627251.2015.1080944
Ellefsen, R., Banafsheh, A., & Sandberg, S. (2022). Resisting racism in everyday life: From ignoring to confrontation and protest. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 45(16), 435–457. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2022.2094716
Fahle, E. M., Reardon, S. F., Kalogrides, D., Weathers, E. S., & Jang, H. (2020). Racial Segregation and School Poverty in the United States, 1999–2016. Race and Social Problems, 12(1), 42–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-019-09277-w
Fazriyah, Z. Z. (2021). Racism and Resistance Strategies in Amma Asante’s Movie Where Hands Touch (2018). 9(1), 9.
Gagermatahai, T. M. (2022). Racial Discrimination in Harriet (2019). Universitas Jenderal Soedirman.
Haryanti, R. S., Kuncara, S. D., & Valiantien, N. M. (2019). Discrimination Towards African-American Women as Portrayed in Hidden Figures Film. Jurnal Ilmu Budaya, 3(4), 420–429.
King, S. (Director). (2021, February 12). Judas and the Black Messiah [History, Drama, Biography; Mp4]. Warner Bros.
Lopez-Littleton, V., Chiarelli, J., Ward, A., & Shelby, W. (2021). I Am Not Your Negro Movie Review: Critical Reflection and Discourse to Advance Social Equity. Public Integrity, 23(2), 194–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2020.1855824
Madula, J., Kuncara, S. D., & Asanti, C. (2017). Rebellion Against Racism And Discrimination In The Movies Rise Of The Planet Of The Apes And Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes. Jurnal Ilmu Budaya, 1, 126–139.
Mastropierro, L., & Conklin, K. (2021). Racial slurs and perception of racism in Heart of Darkness. Journal of Literary Semantics, 50(1), 25–41. https://doi.org/10.1515/jls-2021-2028
Mokodongani, I. Y., & Laya, R. (2022). Blacks Point of View of Discrimination in the Movie the Hate U Give (2018). 1, 81–95.
Najdowski, C. J. (2023). How the “Black criminal” stereotype shapes Black people’s psychological experience of policing: Evidence of stereotype threat and remaining questions. American Psychologist, 78(5), 695–713. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0001159
Ocran, J. (2022). “There is something like a barrier”: Disability stigma, structural discrimination and middle-class persons with disability in Ghana. Cogent Social Sciences, 8(1), 2084893. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2084893
O’Dea, C. J., & Saucier, D. A. (2020). Perceptions of Racial Slurs Used by Black Individuals Toward White Individuals: Derogation or Affiliation? Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 39(5–6), 678–700. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X20904983
Padma, D. K., Yustitia, S., & Fathonah, S. (2020). Analysis of the Action of Racism on the Help Film Directed by Tate Taylor. The Indonesian Journal of Communication Studies, 13(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.31315/ijcs.v13i1.3848
Pakaya, M. F., Mariana, A., & Husain, D. (2021). Analysis of Racism in “12 Years A Slave” Movie Directed By Steve Mcqueen. Linguistics and Literature Studies, 1(2), 17.
Ponniah, G. (2021). Judas & Black Messiah: Every Real Group Besides Black Panthers Explained. Screen Rant. https://screenrant.com/judas-black-messiah-crowns-patriots-lords-rainbow-coalition/
Pradnyana, K. G. (2023). The Analysis of Taboo Language as a Form of Racial Discrimination on Blackkklansman Film by Spike Lee. International Journal of Language and Literature, 6(3), 107–118. https://doi.org/10.23887/ijll.v6i3.29254
Rizky, C. A. (2020). The Struggle of African-American Against Racial Discrimination in Angie Thomas’ The Hate U Give. 86.
Ross, M. B. (2022). Sissy insurgencies: A racial anatomy of unfit manliness. Duke University Press.
Sholihati, J., & Purnama, A. (2021). Racism in Where’s the Money (2017) Movie. CALL, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.15575/call.v3i1.12501
Smith, T. N. (2017). Race as a Social Construct: Evolution of Black Ascription. XAVIER, 15(1), 28–35.
Stamps, D. (2017). The Social Construction of the African American Family on Broadcast Television: A Comparative Analysis of The Cosby Show and Blackish. Howard Journal of Communications, 28(4), 405–420. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646175.2017.1315688
Suryanovika, C., & Negara, I. M. (2019). The Identification of Slurs and Swear Words in Bronte Sisters’ Novels. Lingua Cultura, 13(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.21512/lc.v13i1.5190
Sutrisno, B., Laksmiati, Y. D., & Rachmawati, B. (2022). Racism in 42 Movie Directd by Brian Helgeland. 7(1), 65–72. https://doi.org/10.37110/jell.v7i1.144
Tolson, A. L. (1975). Historical and Modern Trends in Black Capitalism. The Black Scholar, 6(7), 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/00064246.1975.11413704
Tran, N. (2023). Community Psychology’s abuse of empowerment to further a white supremacist agenda. American Journal of Community Psychology, ajcp.12676. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12676
Tyson, L. (2006). Critical Theory Today: A User-Friendly Guide (Second Edition). Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Wang, P. (2022). Going Solo: An Analysis of China’s ‘Single Economy’ through the Date-renting Industry. Asian Studies Review, 46(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2021.1929068
Xu, Y., & Zhang, M. (2022). The Study of the Impact of Empowering Leadership on Adaptive Performance of Faculties Based on Chain Mediating. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.938951
Zalesko, M. (2015). Capitalism vs. Socialism – An Attempt to Analyse The Competitiveness of Economic Systems. Ekonomia i Prawo, 14, 61. https://doi.org/10.12775/EiP.2015.005
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jetall.v7i1.17419
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