The effect of the SM2CL learning model on students’ critical thinking skills in the digestive system topic

Lisra Pratama, Mushawwir Taiyeb, Rachmawaty Rachmawaty, Firdaus Daud, Andi Mu’nisa

Abstract


The demands of 21st-century education emphasize critical thinking in learning. Critical thinking is essential in learning biology, especially in the topic of the human digestive system. However, the limited use of varied learning models reduces opportunities to develop students' critical thinking skills. Therefore, an appropriate learning model is needed, namely the SM2CL model. This model is appropriate because it combines learning models, strategies, and methods. This study aims to analyze the effect of the Synectics, Mind Mapping, and Cooperative Learning (SM2CL) learning model on critical thinking skills among class XI students in the digestive system material at MAN 3 Bone. This study used a quasi-experimental method with a pretest-posttest control group design. The study consisted of 60 samples, comprising 2 classes of students. The study, using ANCOVA to test the hypothesis, showed a significant effect of the SM2CL model (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the LSD test indicated a significant difference between students taught using the SM2CL model and those taught using the direct instruction model. These findings suggest that the SM2CL model is more effective in enhancing students' critical thinking skills in biology learning, particularly in the digestive system topic. This study contributes to biology education by providing empirical evidence on the effectiveness of integrated learning models in promoting critical thinking skills.

Abstrak. Tuntutan pendidikan abad ke-21 menekankan pemikiran kritis dalam pembelajaran. Pemikiran kritis sangat penting dalam pembelajaran biologi, khususnya pada topik sistem pencernaan manusia. Namun, penggunaan model pembelajaran yang beragam yang terbatas mengurangi kesempatan untuk mengembangkan kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan model pembelajaran yang tepat yaitu model SM2CL. Model ini tepat karena memadukan model, strategi dan metode pembelajaran Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh model pembelajaran Synectics, Mind Mapping, dan Cooperative Learning (SM2CL) terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa kelas XI pada materi sistem pencernaan di MAN 3 Bone. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode quasi-eksperimental dengan desain kelompok kontrol pretest-posttest. Penelitian ini terdiri dari 60 sampel yang terdiri dari dua kelas siswa. Hasil penelitian, menggunakan uji ANCOVA untuk menguji hipotesis, menunjukkan pengaruh signifikan model SM2CL dengan nilai signifikansi p < 0,05. Selanjutnya, uji LSD menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan antara siswa yang diajar menggunakan model SM2CL dan siswa yang diajar menggunakan model pengajaran langsung. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa model SM2CL lebih efektif dalam meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa dalam pembelajaran biologi, khususnya pada topik sistem pencernaan. Studi ini berkontribusi pada pendidikan biologi dengan memberikan bukti empiris tentang efektivitas model pembelajaran terintegrasi dalam meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis.


Keywords


Learning model; SM2CL; Critical thinking skills

Full Text:

PDF

References


Agnesa, O. S., & Rahmadana, A. (2022). Model problem-based learning sebagai upaya peningkatan keterampilan berpikir kritis pada pembelajaran biologi. Journal on Teacher Education, 3(3), 65-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31004/jote.v3i3.4384

Alamsyah, N., Adnan, A., & Palennari, M. (2025). Comparison of the effectiveness of static, animated, and interactive infographics on students' creative thinking skills in biology learning. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 11(6), 957-964. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v11i6.10499

Ariadila, S. N., Silalahi, Y. F. N., Fadiyah, F. H., Jamaludin, U., & Setiawan, S. (2022). Analisis pentingnya keterampilan berpikir kritis terhadap pembelajaran bagi peserta didik. Jurnal Ilmiah Wahana Pendidikan, 9(20). 664-669. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8436970

Badriah, L., Mahanal, S., Lukiati, B., & Saptasari, M. (2023). Collaborative mind mapping-assisted RICOSRE to promote students’ problem-solving skills. Participatory Educational Research, 10(4), 166-180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17275/per.2 3.65 .10.4

Chen, C. H., & Chung, H. Y. (2024). Fostering computational thinking and problem-solving in programming: Integrating concept maps into robot block-based programming. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 62(1), 406-427. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1177/07356331231205052

Damayanti, P., Hidriana, A., F., & Abidin, Z., (2022). Penerapan model pembelajaran SM2CL untuk meningkatkan keterampilan berpikir kritis dan motivasi belajar siswa pada materi ekosistem. Quagga: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Biologi, 14(1), 9-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25134/quagga.v14i1.4821

Elviana, R., Arsih, F., Helendra, & Anggriyani, R. (2024). Pengaruh penugasan mind map pada model Problem Based Learning terhadap keterampilan berpikir kritis peserta didik fase E SMAN 1 Pariangan pada materi virus. Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai, 8(2), 18638–18647. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31004/jptam.v8i2.15101

Ennis, R. H. (2011). Critical thinking: Reflection and perspective part II. Inquiry: Critical Thinking Across the Disciplines, 26(2), 5–19. DOI: https://doi.org /10.5840/inquiryctnews201126215

Ennis, R. H. (2015). Critical thinking: A streamlined conception. In M. Davies & R. Barnett (Eds.), The Palgrave handbook of critical thinking in higher education (pp. 31–47). Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137378057_2

Facione, P. A. (2011). Critical thinking: What it is and why it counts. Insight assessment, 1(1), 1-23. Retrieved from https://www.measuredreaso ns. com/index_htm_files/what&why2015.pdf

Fadillah, A., Hasibuan, A., Sibuea, S., R. (2022). Analisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keuntungan pengusaha VCO dengan metode saturation sampling (SS) di Kabupaten Batu Bara. Jurnal Buletin Utama Teknik, 17(3), 269-273. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30743/but.v17i3

Hung, C. M., Hwang, G. J., & Wang, S. Y. (2014). Effects of an integrated mind-mapping and problemposing approach on students’ in-field mobile learning performance in a natural science course. International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organisation, 8(3), 187–200. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1504/IJMLO.2014.067019

Ishma, N., Asmawati, A., & Taiyeb, M. (2023). Analisis perbandingan keterampilan berpikir kritis dan hasil belajar peserta didik yang dibelajarkan dengan model studi kasus dan model pembelajaran langsung pada materi perubahan lingkungan. In Prosiding Seminar Nasional Biologi: Inovasi Sains & Pembelajarannya, (Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 564-574). Retrieved from https://journal.unm.ac.id/index.php/semnasbio/article/view/1009

King, F.J., Goodson, L., & Rohani, F. (2010). Higher order thinking skills. Florida: A Publication of The Educational Service Program.

Li, F. Y., Hwang, G. J., Chen, P. Y., & Lin, Y. J. (2021). Effects of a concept mapping-based two-tier test strategy on students’ digital game-based learning performances and behavioral patterns. Computers & Education, 173, 104293. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104293

Misliyanti, W., Nurhayati, B., & Taiyeb, A. M. (2024). Correlation of learning motivation and emotional intelligence with student higher order thinking skills level on biology material. BIO-INOVED : Jurnal Biologi-Inovasi Pendidikan, 6(2), 172-178. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.20527/bino.v6i2.19068

Mustami, M.K. (2017). Pembelajaran sains dengan model SM2CL. Cet. I. Makassar: Pusaka Almaida.

Nahadi, N., Purnawarman, P., Siswaningsih, W., & Lestari, T. (2021). Asesmen keterampilan model kimia; Model tes dan pengembangannya. Ponorogo: Uwais Inspirasi Indonesia.

Nainggolan, S. D., Suriani, C., & Sianturi, E. (2018). Analisis kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa pada materi pokok sistem pencernaan manusia di kelas XI IPA SMA Swasta Yapim Biru-Biru. Jurnal Pelita Pendidikan, 6(3), 174–178. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.24114/jpp.v6i3.10790

Ogunleye, B. O., & Ojekwu, I. N. (2020). Effects of mind mapping strategy and gender on students’ Basic Science achievement in Eleme Local Government Area of Rivers State. Journal of Education, 12, 193-204. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bamikole-Ogunleye/publication/341580451

Palennari, M. (2016). Exploring the correlation between metacognition and cognitive retention of students using various biology teaching strategies. Journal of Baltic Science Education, 15(5), 617–629. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33225/jbse/16.15.617

Permata, I., Nugroho, A. S., & Hayat, M. S. (2025). Profil keterampilan berpikir kritis dan motivasi belajar siswa dalam pembelajaran biologi. PENDIPA Journal of Science Education, 9(1), 32–39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33369/pendipa.9.1.32-39

Prameswari, S. W., Suharno, S., & Sarwanto, S. (2018). Inculcate critical thinking skills in primary schools. In Social, Humanities, and Educational Studies (SHEs): Conference Series (Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 742– 750). DOI: https://doi.org/10.20961/shes.v1i1. 23648

Rahmaniati, S., & Umami, R. (2021). Pengaruh penggunaan model pembelajaran synectics untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kreatif dan hasil belajar siswa. Bioedusiana: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi, 6(1), 48-60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37058/bioed.v6i1.2919

Riskawati, R., Mustami, M. K., & Afif, A. (2023). The influence of the synectics mind maps cooperative learning (SM2CL) model on the students learning outcomes of class XI MAN Gowa. Journal of Islam and Science, 10(1), 44-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24252/jis.v10i1.34094

Rodiyah, R. (2023). Peningkatan prestasi belajar akidah akhlak dengan menerapkan metode mind mapping di kelas XI MIPA 2 MAN 1 Kota Cilegon. EDUCATIONAL: Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan & Pengajaran, 3(3), 224-232. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.51878/educational.v3i3.2440

Siska, S., Yunita, Y., & Ubaidillah, M. (2019). Strategi socio scientific issues untuk meningkatkan kemampuan argumentasi ilmiah siswa pada konsep sistem respirasi di kelas XI MIPA SMAN 1 Suranenggala. Jurnal Ilmu Alam Indonesia, 2(1), 50– 69. Retrieved from https://www.syekhnurjati.ac.id /jurnal/index.php/jia/article/view/6274

Syawal, M. K., Bahri, A., & Rachmawaty, R. (2023, November). Hubungan pengetahuan metakognitif, kemampuan berpikir kritis, dan kemampuan literasi sains dengan hasil belajar kognitif siswa SMA Negeri di Kota Makassar. In Prosiding Seminar Nasional Biologi: Inovasi Sains & Pembelajarannya, (Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 208-216). Retrieved from https://journal.unm.ac.id/index.php/semnasbio/article/view/905

Taufik, M., S., Mustami, M., K., & Damayanti., E., (2018). Pengaruh model pembelajaran synectics, mind maps, cooperative learning (SM2CL) terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa. Jurnal Biotek, 6(2), 61-72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24252/jb.v6i2.5378

Taufik, M. S., Awingan, J. S., & Carollo, F. S. (2025).

SM2CL model innovation: Biology learning strategy to sharpen students’ critical thinking.

Journal of Academic Biology and Biology Education, 2(1), 35–47. DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37251/jouabe.v2i1.1582

Tewal, I., Nanlohy, F. N., & Manampiring, N. (2025). Penerapan model pembelajaran SM2CL untuk meningkatkan keterampilan berpikir kritis kreatif dan minat belajar biologi siswa. Pentagon: Jurnal Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, 3(1), 49-69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.62383/pentagon.v3i1.394

Utami, A. D., Yuliyanto, E., & Hidayah, F. F. (2021).

Mind mapping: Teaching students to think critically on basic chemical law material. Journal of Educational Chemistry, 3(1), 1–10. DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21580/jec.2021.3.1.6502

Utomo, A., Narulita, E., & Billah, R. (2020). Penerapan model pembelajaran problem based learning berbasis socio-scientific issue (SSI) terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa SMP. JIPVA (Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Veteran), 4(2), 148–159. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31331/jipva.v4i2.1259

Widoyoko, E. P. (2012). Teknik penyusunan instrumen penelitian. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

Wijnen, F., Walma van der Molen, J., & Voogt, J. (2023). Primary teachers' attitudes towards using new technology and stimulating higher-order thinking in students: A profile analysis. Education and Information Technologies, 28(6), 6347–6372. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11413-w




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/bino.v8i1.24915

Article Metrics

Abstract view : 171 times
PDF - 137 times

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2026 BIO-INOVED : Jurnal Biologi-Inovasi Pendidikan

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

BIO-INOVED Journal has been Accredited:

 

BIO-INOVED Journal has been Indexed/Abstracted/Listed by:

         

 

Managed by:

MASTER PROGRAM OF BIOLOGY EDUCATION
POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM
UNIVERSITAS LAMBUNG MANGKURAT

Jl. Brigjend H. Hasan Basry, Kampus ULM, Gedung Pascasarjana Lt.2, Kota Banjarmasin,
Kecamatan Banjarmasin Utara, Kode Pos 70123, Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan, Indonesia

 

Collaborate with:

 

Journal License:


BIO-INOVED : Jurnal Biologi-Inovasi Pendidikan is licensed under a 
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License